With You Until The End Essay -- Oscar Wilde The Devoted Friend Essays

With You Until The End 1. The story, The Devoted Friend, is an exercise to be scholarly. It shows how one can control just as how one can be controlled. It likewise shows exactly how far certain individuals will go for a companion. For this situation, Hans quit any pretense of dealing with his nursery to enable a to valid companion and passed on doing as such. Creator Oscar Wilde gives great detail of the characters and sets up clashes inside the plot to stress on the topic, a committed companion is one that is with you, and will do anything for you, until the end. 2. In the initial scene of the story a couple of minor characters are presented, including the storyteller, the Green Linnet, a little feathered creature with minuscule wings. The storyteller recounts to this story to a water-rodent, an old rodent with splendid, beady eyes and solid dark hairs. He felt it related to the rodent on account of how basic the rodent was being of the unadulterated white mother duck that had splendid red legs. All she was attempting to do was show her kids, who resembled minimal yellow canaries, how to fit into society and the rodent was offering impolite remarks. 3. As the Linnet recounted to the story, he told about Hans, a little man with an amusing, round, agreeable face. Hans had a benevolent heart and was an amazingly dedicated companion. This was demonstrated all through the story in him disregarding his nursery to help his dearest companion, Hugh the Miller. The Miller was a major man who was genuinely wealthy, he had a hundred sacks of flour, six cows, and a group of sheep. He exploited Hans since Hans accepted they were closest companions and the Miller frequently helped him to remember that. The Miller utilized blame to control Hans for doing whatever he required done, while never giving back. 4. The tone all through the story is ... ...t have Hans getting things done for him, he was taking from Hans’ garden his most wonderful blossoms and best organic products. 10. The second most clear clash in the story was Thought versus Action. Hans was continually thinking how much consideration his nursery required and by helping the Miller he would disregard his nursery, yet he generally did precisely what the Miller asked of him decisively. The Miller likewise knew precisely how to control Hans by utilizing blame, and he put that without hesitation each time he required something accomplished for him. 11. The Devoted Friend was an ideal case of how much fellowship intends to a few and how little it intends to other people. It demonstrated that it was so natural to control others and be controlled by others. Be that as it may, the most significant thing it demonstrated was exactly how far an individual would go to enable a companion to despite the fact that it implies giving up numerous things.

Between the Birksian theory and the traditional approach in the Dissertation

Between the Birksian hypothesis and the conventional methodology in the English law of Unjust Enrichment - Dissertation Example It is important to make outline between the potential cures that the law offers in the event of monetary misfortune, or the advancement of one-party past a sensible proportion of proportionality. The advancement of this rule during the time will be addressed in this examination, just as the improvement of the lawful scene with respect to unfair enhancement dependent on the rule of nonattendance of premise. Low enhancement is associated with the guideline of compensation, which stands contradicted to the rule of pay. It involves a cure dependent on the increase of one-party, or a cure dependent on misfortune to another gathering. Compensation A court-requested endeavor to make compensation requires the culpable party to give up gains under the control of the offended party/petitioner. (The respondent must give reparations to a distressed gathering in light of a misfortune which has happened in a way for which the litigant is seen as at risk. The advantages or money related points of i nterest gathered by the respondent are reestablished to the offended party dependent on a comprehension of an authentic case to said benefits. On account of legally binding commitments the estimation of assets or properties remembered for the agreement that will be remembered for the compensation judgment. Another circumstance wherein compensation is suitable would be the vindication of property rights which have been revoked by some activity †or inability to make a move on part of the respondent. (Graham, 2006). Issues of compensation relating to unreasonable advancement frequently pivot upon whether an agreement exists as a general rule, or whether it is just inferred in assumpsit as an outgrowth of other lawful procedures. Circumstances or nations where inferred authoritative commitments are nonbinding challenge the reason of compensation or unjustifiable enhancement. Here the chief issue gets one of distortion of the lawful commitments and ensuing cures ordered under standa rds of compensation. (Indian Contract Law, 1872) Compensation speaks to installment for harms as esteemed fitting by the court. Harms can appear as wounds or infringement of obligations dependent on previous lawful commitments, or because of tort law. A key contrast between the addition in based compensation and misfortune based pay is that compensation would require reparation for gains that should in any case have been shared by the litigant. Where pay is required, and desire for gain need not exist †all that is obtained is the capacity to show that activities (or carelessness) on some portion of the respondent was straightforwardly owing to injury, misfortune, or mischief endured by the offended party/petitioner. Pay is likewise proper in instances of break of agreement. On the off chance that the respondent goes into an authoritative consent to use the items or administrations of another gathering, and that optional gathering is required to use assets or assets in light of work that doesn't happen as requested, or a buy that isn't seen as concurred, at that point harms are proper. The petitioner could host attempted concurrence with different gatherings, and the consumption of assets without settled upon pay includes the loss of those assets without the guaranteed income. Where remuneration is fitting, the litigant need not really have benefitted themselves, as would be the

Literary Grey Ladies Two Books I Return To When I Miss Nantucket

Literary Grey Ladies Two Books I Return To When I Miss Nantucket Nantucket is a literary island. It is as if words came up through the sand and ebbed themselves into some of its residents. One friend worked at Book Works, the bookstore in town, and now pours over things about foreign relations for her graduate studies. Another friend and I talked about feminism and landscape in The County of the Pointed Firs while gentle waves near the jetties lapped around our ankles. A farmer told me how, unlike me, he had actually finished Moby Dick. Lastly, Julia Lewis, a poet,  and I huddled around our morning coffee, writing and revising, writing and revising, then distracting each other with book recommendations. The night I knew I would forever love Nantucket, my friends were having a party in the starlight. Most of them had been raised there, and over drinks, they joyfully joined together in a rendition of the Jabberwocky, Jubjub birds and all. Yes, there are interesting literate men on the little island, and in my seven years on and off it, I have read and met a few of   them. It also has plenty of great literary sights and sounds chronicled beautifully by fellow Rioter Kate Scott. As for me, the magic of Nantucket is in its women and their powerful use of words. This island girl-power is not a new thing. Since the time of the first whalers, women on this island, nicknamed the Grey Lady, have run everything from households to centers of trade with an efficiency that would make the likes of Jeff Bezos blush. They also wrote lettersâ€"mountains of lettersâ€"that crossed oceans, and now time gives us glimpses into their lives. So when I am missing salt and the fob and my friends, there are two books I reach for over and over. Both with strong women, both set on Nantucket. The Movement of Stars by Amy Brill This tells the story of Hannah Price, a young Quaker, who by day works as a librarian in the Nantucket Atheneum, and by night searches the starry sky for new scientific discovery. Set in the 1840s, the book is loosely based on the famous Nantucketer Maria Mitchell, who was the first American female astronomer. The Movement of Stars also captures the strange dissonance of the island as a place that can be almost claustrophobically small and cut off, yet cosmopolitan. Hannah herself represents this. On the one hand, she can’t deny her feelings for a man from a faraway place, but at the same time, she feels the pull of the island she loves. Ahab’s Wife by Sena Jeter Naslund Ahab’s wife only appears for a brief moment in Moby Dick, but Sena Jeter Naslund takes those few moments and creates Una, a character that is spiritual, self-posed and full of adventure. As the famous first sentence notes, Ahab was not Una’s first husband, and he was not her last. This complex, fun and thoughtful work of fiction is not just a love letter to Moby Dick but also pays homage to the island, women, and books. At one point, Una runs away on a whaling ship; when she grows up, she mentions how much she loves reading the French essayist Montaigne.  She also befriends Maria Mitchell and then lives in the far end of the Island known as Siasconset. It is a book that lives on my shelves as a reminder to look out onto the horizon and remember the island 30 miles out to sea. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Analysis of Katherine Mansfields The Garden Party

1. In his analysis of Katherine Mansfields The Garden Party, Thomas Foster argues that Lauras trip to the impoverished lane at the bottom of the film is a symbolic trip to Hades, along the lines of Persephones trip from Greek myth. Foster claims that the descent signifies a kind of social and sexual maturing for Laura, because by the end of it she has matured, although into what is not exactly clear. Foster sees evidence for interpreting Lauras descent as a trip into Hades throughout the story, but he relies mostly on Mrs. Sheridans possible connection to Demeter and the description of the journey from house to lane itself. Foster begins his discussion of Lauras trip by claiming that Mrs. Sheridan can be viewed as a version of Demeter, the goddess of agriculture, fertility, and marriage (Foster 274). In the story, Mrs. Sheridan embodies these themes, most obviously because she is hosting a garden party, but in the details of her character as well. She has many children, which insinua tes both fertility and the possibility of marriage, and she even has a whole bunch of canna lilies brought in to further liven up the party. Foster further argues that the guests admiring the flowers at Mrs. Sheridans garden party go about in couples, as if she has in some way been responsible for their pairing off, making a further connection between Mrs. Sheridan and marriage (Foster 274). Foster has far less evidence demonstrating that Laura represents Persephone except forShow MoreRelatedTylistic Analysis of Katherine Mansfield’s Garden Party1002 Words   |  5 PagesStylistic Analysis of Katherine Mansfield’s Garden Party To better comprehend our course: Style in Fiction, I have selected a short story the Garden Party, so as to analyze in terms of styles. 1. About the writer and the story 1.1 About the writer Beforehand, I’d like to give a brief introduction of the short story’s writer Katherine Mansfield and the short story. Katherine was born in Wellington, New Zealand, into a middle-class colonial family in 1888. She studied at Queens CollegeRead MoreIn Vincent O’Sullivan’S Finding The Pattern, Solving The1578 Words   |  7 PagesIn Vincent O’Sullivan’s Finding the Pattern, Solving the Problem: Katherine Mansfield The New Zealand European, it is noted that Katherine Mansfield ‘was an enthusiast for the cinema’, that ‘she acted in several movies’ and that ‘her letters frequently took up such images as the months that â€Å"stream by like a movie picture†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(18). Furthermore, her short story At the Bay begins with the line ‘Very early morning’(Mansfield 5), that when interpreted from a literary standpoint, is more suited to a screenplayRead MoreThemes in Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfi eld1896 Words   |  8 PagesThemes in Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield Abstract: Fiction interpretation contributes to a more sufficient understanding and profound appreciation of literary works for readers. Miss Brill, a short story written by Katherine Mansfield, describes an afternoon in the life of a middle-aged spinster who visits the public park on a weekly basis, leading to her reassessment of her view of the world and the secular reality. Though short in form, it is really worth detailed interpretation and appreciationRead MoreKatherine Mansfield s The Garden Party1770 Words   |  8 Pages Foster begins this chapter with Katherine Mansfield’s The Garden Party. It is about a girl, Laura, setting up a garden party. Her mother, Mrs. Sheridan let her prepare the garden party for the first time, so she wants to make it the best. While doing the preparations for the party, Laura hears about the recent death of a man in the little cottages down the hill. Because of this, she tries to convince her sister and mother to cancel the party. H ow could they celebrate when a neighbor justRead MoreEssay about How to Read Literature Like a Professor1562 Words   |  7 Pagesto a literary work you have read or viewed. * Chapter 4 – If It’s Square, It’s a Sonnet * Select three sonnets and show which form they are. Discuss how their content reflects the form. (Submit copies of the sonnets, marked to show your analysis. You may scan them or use your phone to take clear pictures.) * Chapter 5 – Now, Where Have I seen Her Before? * Define intersexuality. Discuss three examples that have helped you in reading specific works. Chapter 6 – When in Doubt,Read MoreThe Illusion of Youth2846 Words   |  12 Pages Katherine Mansfield’s Miss. Brill written in 1920 is a short story a part of Mansfield’s The Garden Party and Other Stories. It is a short story about a middle-aged teacher, who finds joy in spending her Sunday afternoons, sitting in the park. At the park, she finds joy in observing others around her and pretending, they are all actors and actresses on a stage. Miss. Brill finds joy in the illusion that she creates at the park. She is a woman, who lives a very humdrum life and finds joy creating

The First Ten Amendments - 2663 Words

Cammack 1 Lillian Cammack Criminal Justice Professor Rohrbach September 9, 2012 The First Ten Amendments The first Ten Amendments to the Constitution, or the Bill of Rights, were adopted in 1791. These amendments were added to the Constitution to protect the rights and liberties of an individual. I. Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion and Petition Cammack 2 As an individual, I had never before thought about what the Bill of rights meant to me. I cannot recall a time where I have had to exercise my rights. When I thought about the First Amendment, I automatically thought about the Freedom of Speech. I would say that is what most American’s think of in regards to the First Amendment. In reading this amendment, I now understand I†¦show more content†¦There have been periods in our history when soldiers took over the property and homes of citizens without consent, but this has never been something I have had to experience, or even have family tell me about. I chose this picture because it represents to me I do have the right to say no. I can tell military personnel without hesitation that they do not have the right to come into my home or Cammack 5 onto my property and take it over as their own. We live in an area surrounded by military personnel, but they have never had reason to take over our homes or property. They have established homes and bases of their own. If for some reason, it did come to wartime, and the need to house soldiers did arise, I could not see myself saying no, as I had a son injured in Iraq. But I also know that I do have that right, and that no one can take it from me. IV. Right of Search and Seizure Regulated The Fourth Amendment tells us that people have the right to be secure in their persons, homes, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizure. Unless there is a warrant which has been given for probable cause, authorities cannot enter your residence. This warrant must tell what is to be searched, whether it is a person, a home, or belongings, and it must be specific. This also means that probable cause applies in all arrest situations. â€Å"Probable cause is the likelihood that there is a direct link between a suspect and a crime.† (Fagin, 2012) The police mustShow MoreRelatedThe First Ten Amendments Of The Constitution1920 Words   |  8 PagesThe first ten Amendments of the Constitution are the Bill of Rights which is a formal statement announcing the rights that the people of the United States had against the government. At the time of its inception, the American people felt additional protection was needed from the federal government, especially afte r the Constitution was ratified. These protections were later extended by way of the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 (Davies, 1999). The Bill of Rights contain protectionsRead MoreThe First Ten Amendments For The United States Constitution1163 Words   |  5 PagesCivics The first ten amendments added to the U.S. Constitution, now known as the Bill of Rights, have played a fundamental role in the Constitution. Still in effect today, the Bill of Rights has become a necessity in order to protect the individual rights of American citizens. In order to prevent an oppressive centralized government, James Madison, America’s fourth president, decided to lay the foundation of civil liberties in ten amendments. The First Amendment allows citizens the freedom of religionRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights And The Amendment Of The Constitution962 Words   |  4 Pageseach citizen is equally treated and allowed to share their idea and not be disgraced for it (Bodenhamer, 1993). The first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States established basic American civil liberties (Schweikart, 2004). The Bill of rights and the amendments of the constitution were written about the same time by the same people. The Bill of Rights and amendments both focused on limitation of state tyranny. The Bill of rights has been used for defining civil liberties in theirRead MoreUnited States Of America Constitution845 Words   |  4 Pageswould need to be adjusted or expanded for the changing times. The Bill of Rights and the Amendments go hand in hand with one another but in some ways are different. The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution. Over the last 200 y ears, these amendments have made dramatic changes in how the United States of America’s government has been. These first ten amendments were made to protect the people. The Bill of Rights has created an amazing history that everyRead MoreThe United States Constitution and Its Various Amendments766 Words   |  4 Pageschange or revision. Since June twenty first of 1788, when the United States Constitution was ratified in Washington D.C. it has been considered The Law of the Land. Ever since that date, we have followed those rules as the Federal law and overall â€Å"ruling† of our lives. For almost two hundred twenty four years, this has been what our country has been following to this day. The United States Constitution is made up of seven articles, and twenty seven Amendments. These seven articles are written helpRead MoreQuestions On The Law Of The United States1387 Words   |  6 Pagesposted a banner in his room that said â€Å"What Would Jesus Do?† has violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. In order to avoid violating this clause, the banner must pass every prong of the Lemon test. However, this particular banner does not. Step Two: List the legal standards and how they will apply to your case and argument. The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment is the legal standard that pertains to this particular argument. When assessing whether the banner in questionRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution914 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a bill of rights? What is an amendment? How are the different? A bill of rights is a formality such as the Declaration of Independence and it is the outline of what the citizens feel their born rights are as people of a union. An amendment is the changing or altering of a legal or civil document. Specifically amendments in the United States Constitution include the changing or detailing of what the people need. These two phrases differ in what their purposes are. The bill of rights was setRead MoreThe United States Bill Of Rights882 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Bill of Rights was created in September 25, 1789 and ratified December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the Constitution that were establi shed to defend our rights as individuals and as American citizens. The Bill of Rights describes the rights of its people. The first four articles of the amendments deal specifically with the balance of power between the federal government and state government. There were some people who opposed to the ConstitutionRead MoreThe Fifth Amendment and The Bill of Rights654 Words   |  3 Pagesin the Fifth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment upholds the rights of United States citizens against government prosecution. Introduced to the Bill of Rights in 1789, the Fifth Amendment is a noteworthy amendment both during the past and in today’s world. The Fifth Amendment, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights, was proposed by James Madison, providing a way for the Founding Fathers of the United States to better protect the basic rights of people. Congress thought this amendment was necessaryRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights By James Madison And Influenced By George Mason1078 Words   |  5 Pagesan amendment. The constitution is the bases of the bill of rights. The federalist and the anti federalist had different views in which the bill of rights came into play. Many people in the United States did not want a government that reflected the England government. One will look at what is the bill of rights, what is an amendment, and how the two differ. What is the bill of rights? What is an amendment? How are they Different? The Bill of rights could be confused with an Amendment as

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Free Essays

Introduction The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) its an organic compound whose molecules contain genetic instructions, its role is to store necessary information to create ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. The DNA segment that encloses this information is called gene. The DNA molecular structure was discovered jointly by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. We will write a custom essay sample on Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes or any similar topic only for you Order Now From a chemistry perspective the DNA is a long polymer composed of two simple units, the monomers of nucleotides, whose main chain is formed by phosphate and sugar molecules. Connected to the sugar molecule is a molecule of four nitrogenous bases. The sequence of bases along the DNA constitute the genetic information which encodes the amino acids of proteins specific sequences. Translation occurs through the RNA messenger (mRNA) by copying part of the DNA chain through the process of transcription, subsequently this information is translated in proteins. RNA is used to synthesize proteins. Eukaryotes such as animals, plants and funghi contain their DNA inside the nucleus while prokaryotes such as bacteria DNA is scattered in the cytoplasm. Transcription The term transcription is given to the first stage of gene expression, when a DNA template synthesizes RNA. Proteins are synthesized by DNA through the nucleic acid RNA. RNA and DNA are similar, however, RNA contains ribose as its sugar and a uracil base, DNA in turn contains deoxyribose and a thymine base, therefore, whilst DNA nucleotides have a base A, G, C, or T, and RNA nucleotides have a base A, G, C, or U. DNA and RNA along with proteins are polymers that transmit information all the way through specific sequences of monomers. In both nucleic acids these monomers comprise four types of nucleotides supplying a specific sequence of nucleotide bases to each gene. In proteins the monomers are amino acids meticulously ordered in polypeptides. Transcription and translation are the means to synthesize protein from DNA. DNA and RNA only transcribe information from molecule to molecule. DNA synthesizes RNA through transcription by providing a template for assembling a corresponding sequence of RNA nucleotides, an identical process to DNA replication where a DNA strand template synthesizes new strands. In proteins, the resultant RNA molecule is called messenger RNA (mRNA), and is a transcript of the protein gene that communicates a genetic message from DNA to the cell synthesizing the protein. The three stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The RNA transcript not yet translated into protein is a primary transcript. RNA synthesis is initiated in the nucleotide where the promoter gene, the RNA binding site, defines not only the beginning of transcription but also which DNA strand is the template. The promoter is where transcription begins when the RNA polymerase has attached. In eukaryotes the transcription factors composed by a set of proteins liaise the RNA polymerase binding and the beginning of transcription. In prokaryotes the RNA polymerase identifies and binds to the promoter, RNA polymerase II only binds to the promoter once specific transcription factors have already attached, this is called the transcription initiation complex, where enzyme begins transcribing the template DNA strand. Termination in prokaryotes is reached when the transcription proceeds through a terminator sequence in DNA, the terminator RNA which has then been transcribed is the terminator signal, and the transcript is released when the polymerase separates from the DNA which is then used as mRNA. Termination in eukaryotes happens through the polyadenylation signal sequence when the RNA polymerase II has transcribed the DNA sequence, which codes for the polyadenylation signal (AAUAA) in the pre-mRNA. After that, the AAUAA signal nucleotides, and RNA transcript proteins detach it from the polymerase, liberating the pre-mRNA. However, the polymerase precedes transcribing DNA for nucleotides after the site where the pre-mRNA was generated. The enzyme RNA polymerase is capable to start a chain without a primer, and therefore, reunites the RNA nucleotides while they pair off the base along the DNA template, assembling a polynucleotide just in its 5’ – 3’ direction. DNA nucleotides sequences determine the beginning and finishing of transcription. Transcription in Prokaryotes Prokaryotes enclose a particular type of RNA polymerase, a complex enzyme composed of five sub-units ?2’? (holoenzyme), that form a core enzyme which when bound to DNA synthesizes RNA. The core enzyme is attached to random DNA sites and the purified polymerase is called the sigma factor (?). Attachment of sigma factor to the core enzyme begins the transcription-promoter recognition. The enzyme then divides both DNA strands in the starting site. Once about ten nucleotides have been integrated into a transcript, the enzyme is changed to a transcriptional elongation complex releasing the sigma factor. The nucleotide at which transcription starts is designated as +1 and the previous nucleotide as -1. The previous DNA toward the 3’ end of the template is called upstream and the following DNA toward the 5 end of the template is called downstream. Small nucleotides sequences are recognized by an RNA polymerase as DNA connection point to start transcription, the promoters have consensus sequences recognized by enzymes. These sequences occur at about 10 and 35 nucleotide pairs before the initial site of transcription. Prokaryotic cells have an array of distinct sigma factors that recognise different promoter sequences. Elongation is performed by the core enzyme after the release of ? subunit. The polymerase continuously unfolds the DNA ahead and folds the DNA behind the site of transcription (already transcribed). The RNA strand will be disengaging from the DNA as that RNA polymerase moves along the double helix. The protein RHO is necessary for termination of transcription. Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase finds a termination signal – the transcription complex dissociates and releases the RNA molecule. Sometimes, the polymerase finishes transcription without additional factors when it arrives at a terminator sequence and releases the RNA. There are two types of terminators in E. coli:-dependent terminators of RHO and independent terminators of RHO. Transcription in Eukaryotes In eukaryotes there are three types of different RNA polymerases acting in transcription, RNA polymerase I, RNA polymerase II, RNA polymerase III. Each RNA polymerase is responsible for transcription of a specific class of genes This difference in RNA polymerases is one of the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Other difference in transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes involve an array of transcription factors. Transcription factors are accessory proteins are essential for polymerase binding to DNA template throughout the whole three stages of transcription. The three types of RNA (mRNA’s, rRNA’s and tRNA’s) are originated from RNA molecules. The first RNA is called the primary transcript, (pre-RNA). The site of DNA from which a primary transcript is transcribed is a transcription unit. The generation of RNA involves 90 to 300 nucleotides and their accessory proteins. The genes primary transcripts that encode proteins suffer modification before being transported to the cytoplasm. RNA polymerase requires transcription factors to initiate RNA synthesis and bind to the promoter region to form a complex initiation for the binding of RNA polymerase and beginning of transcription. Polyadenylation play an important role in the transport of RNA from the nucleus to the protein. ENZYME LOCATION PRODUCTS RNA POLYMERASE I Nucleolus Ribosomal RNA, except RNAr 5S RNA POLYMERASE II Nucleus Nuclear pre-RNA RNA POLYMERASE III Nucleus RNAt small nuclear RNA Conclusion The processes of translation and transcription are related in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, however, due to prokaryotes not possessing nuclei, their DNA is not segregated from ribosomes and protein synthesis apparatus, which allow initiation of mRNA translation while transcription is occurring. Eukaryotes transcription occurs in the nucleus where RNA transcripts are modified to generate mRNA, the transporter of information from DNA to the cell synthesizing protein, which is then translated in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes have only one type of RNA for protein synthesis, such as ribosomal RNA. Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase in the nucleus. RNA polymerase II is responsible for mRNA synthesis. RNA polymerases I and III transcribe RNA molecules that are not translated into protein. References Campbell, N., Reece, J., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S., Minorsky, P., Jackson, R. (2008) Biology 8th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson international Edition. pp 351-367. Latchman, D. (2002) Gene Regulation: A eukaryotic perspective. 4th Edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. pp 35-65. Karp, G. (2005) Cell and Molecular Biology. 4th Edition. United Sates of America: Von Hoffmann Press. pp 436-467. How to cite Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Essay examples

The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War

Executive Summary The United States does not have the best options for dealing with the North Korean and Iranian nuclear energy disputes. Inducements, pressures, and intimidations have not been successful.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A military intervention would provisionally stop the plans to launch a nuclear energy, but human organizations and diplomatic requirements would prevent this strategy. Moreover, military strike would bring about a high risk of reconstitution and would hasten the conflict. For some decision makers in the American government, the superlative alternative is to isolate these governments until they disintegrate or pressures build on them to an extent where they might be forced to engage in consultations based on the US stipulations. This alternative has the veneer of stiffness, which is enough to make it politically justifiable in the American government. Upon a careful analysis, the strategy in reality permits North Korea and Iran to carry on with their nuclear programs uncontrolled. It also neglects more attainable short-term objectives of improving intelligibility and securing susceptible nuclear equipments. The policy seeks to attain tentative long-term ambition of denuclearization. These short-term objectives are believed to be significant to the US national security in the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). North Korea and Iran are extremely different nations that share in any case one vital relationship, which is related to decades of separation from Washington. The US has developed various policies aiming at segregating the two from the global society.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They ar e also compared in terms of their role, which is related to undermining the peace and security of the regions they occupy. The countries do not have respect for fundamental freedoms and support policies that are hostile to the United States, its associates, and partners. Introduction The nuclear dispute with North Korea and Iran are amongst the most obstinate national security problems that the US policy makers are faced with in the current international system. Democratic and Republican regimes have generated diverse strategies toward every state at different periods. These policies vary from joint and polygonal discourse with inducements or pressures to sanctions, segregation, and even the threat of military intervention. None of these strategies has prevented the nuclear development of either country. Iran has moved on with its uranium fortification plan and abridged collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The breakdown in North Korea is even more sensit ive because Pyongyang pulled out of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 2003, carried out nuclear experiments in 2006 and 2009, and currently requesting for recognition as a â€Å"Nuclear Weapons State.† One question that cannot be avoided is that why did agreements reached with North Korea and Iran to congeal or limit their nuclear plans disintegrate1. One wonders what could be the projections for current ambassadorial efforts. Evaluating the two cases discloses general prototypes that offer the signs of deteriorating negotiations. North Korea and Iran were forced to negotiate based on their insight of chance and susceptibility.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their views were motivated by the instantaneous strategy context they faced, which includes the political, financial, and defense situation existing at home, in their regions, and in the international system2. When accords reached could not convene their objectives, their views on chance and susceptibility, and in turn, their policy, changed. Discussions in both cases were prolonged and Iran and North Korea changed policy in reaction to the development in the policy context over time. Particularly, their justifications for possessing a nuclear potential extended to include discouraging governmental change, improving negotiation advantage, and attaining political trustworthiness with the United States. This proposal suggests a study that would be of great importance in understanding the American policy makers behavior as regards to the threats posed by Iran and North Korea since the two countries have always posed serious security challenges to other actors in the international system. The paper proposes a methodology that would be used to conduct an extensive research on the views of some of the American polic y makers regarding the actions to be taken to stop the influence of Iran and North Korea. The techniques will be discussed in summary, as well as the data collection methods. Before moving to give a viable methodology, the paper will review the existing body of knowledge under the literature review section to understand the actions that have already been taken by both Democrats and Republicans. In the fifth chapter, the proposal will give a data analysis technique, which would be ideal for analyzing data generated through quantitative study. The proposal gives the summary of the finding at the end.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Question How will the United States respond to North Korea and Iran’s threats of nuclear war? Purpose Statement The United States has an intricate plan for addressing issues related to Iranian and North Korean nuclear programs. The plan is not restricted to the nuclear challenges that the two states pose. This implies that the United States has always perceived the two states as the major threat to its national interests because of their capability to disrupt peace. The United States has come up with various programs aiming at stopping the two countries from interfering with its national interests, especially its national security. The main question is how the United States will act to prevent the two aggressors in the international system from tempering with the lives of its citizens. The main question is whether the United States will act unilaterally or it would consult other actors (Multilateral action). The main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the options av ailable to the United States policy makers. The US has various options, but some factors would be considered before arriving at the most excellent option. The paper looks at some of the factors that must be considered before coming up with the best option to address the challenge posed by North Korea and Iran Significance The study is of great importance because it discusses some of the consequences that the state will have to deal with when it decides to intervene military. The paper gives a number of options, as well as their effects to the people of the United States and the international system. The study conducts a literature review to determine some of the options that have been employed before, implying that policy makers can rely on the document to come up with the most viable policy as regards to addressing the thorny issue of nuclear weapons. Literature Review Existing body of knowledge offers various alternatives to the American policy makers as regards to nuclear weapons threats that Iran and North Korea pose. There are gabs in the literature because some scholars and analysts observe that the United States should act unilaterally meaning that it should act as a world police in mitigating the nuclear problems while some observe that consultations would be the only viable approach. The existing literature proves that the spread of democracy is the only way in resolving the nuclear problem, even though the approaches differ. In one of the articles titled ‘the spread of nuclear weapons,’ Sagan and Waltz posed a major question regarding world security and peace. They ask the question, â€Å"What will the spread of nuclear weapons do to the world.† Waltz’s standpoint is that the spread of nuclear power would be productive to the world economy and the development of the world3. For developing countries such as Iran and North Korea, their acquisition of nuclear power is productive since it would go a long way to uplift the livin g standards of the poor. His believe is that the deterrence policy and the rational actor model would be utilized effectively to prevent the occurrence of war owing to the possession of nuclear weapons. He even goes a notch higher to claim that the presence of nuclear weapons would make states more cautious because they are mutually assured of destruction. With the acquisition of nuclear weapons, states would definitely drop their ambitions of producing conventional weapons. Moreover, states would cut military spending, as soon as they acquire nuclear energy, which is beneficial to the world security. Waltz advises that states should not stop arming themselves simply because the US instructs them not to acquire relevant weapons. The role of the US in this case is to enter into peaceful agreements with a state wishing to acquire nuclear energy, but not impeding the plans of the state. This is because the United States cannot offer protection to all states in the world hence the acqui sition of nuclear energy should not be an issue of debate. To Waltz, the presence of nuclear weapons in the international system would reduce war and conflicts because it successfully reduced tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Sagan differs significantly with the views of Waltz because the deterrence notion and the rational actor model require the existence of some conditions, which are absent in the current international system. One of the major arguments of Sagan is that weak states such as Iran and North Korea do not have sufficient policies and mechanisms through which nuclear energy could be safeguarded. This means that nuclear energy could easily land into the hands of criminals and terrorists, which is extremely dangerous. The case could be different in case Iran and North Korea were democratic states. For the ideas of Waltz to be accepted, democracy must be restored in the two countries since an egalitarian society would not support the activities of des troyers of life and property. Weak states such as Iran and North Korea have no ability to implement policies that would prevent nuclear accidents and the spread of nuclear weapons4. Nuclear energy should only be acquired by states governed by strong civilian governments, unlike North Korea and Iran, which are run either by dictators or by military regimes. States would not be cautious, as was the case in the Cold War because the international system is different. A report released in 2006 by the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism suggested that the United States had achieved a lot in terms of preserving its national interests, but more had to be done since terrorists had diversified their techniques and channels5. This means that the US has to come up with additional strategies to ensure that the heinous acts of terrorists are curtailed. The report concluded that the state had achieved its interest of kicking out terrorists in Afghanistan and Iraq, but much had to be done to ensure that the activities of other extremist organizations funded by states such as Iran and North Korea are stopped. This means that Iran and North Korea pose a serious challenge to the international community because of the possession of nuclear power. The nuclear weapons could be used to destabilize the world economy and security, especially when it gets into the hands of terrorists. Iran and North Korea are suspected to support terrorism meaning that they can easily liaise with extremist organizations to cause havoc in the world. In this regard, the report gives some of the strategies that would help the state in fighting terrorism, including the ambitions of North Korea and Iran. It should be understood that the fight of terrorism is the advancement of freedom and human dignity because the main aim of terrorists is to destroy human life and property. The report rules out any possibility of poverty being the main cause of terrorism since Iran and North Korea have always claimed that the acquisition of nuclear power would help them elevate the levels of economic development. To deal with the threats posed by North Korea and Iran, the leadership of these two countries ought to be interrogated meaning that the US should come up with policies such as denying the government officials entry to the US and other allies. This would force them to comply since travelling sanctions would force them to comply with the internationally set standards. Another strategy entails preventing the attacks that would be launched by terrorists. This implies that the US government must come into terms with the reality that terrorism does not target only developed countries, but instead it could be committed in other countries that support the US6. In this regard, the US government should offer technical and military support to other countries around the world to help them curb the issue of nuclear threat. For instance, India and Pakistan have acquired nuclear technologies, which i s one of the strategies to counter the influence of North Korean and Iran in the region. The report also suggests that the US should ensure that the materials used in the manufacture of nuclear power should not reach the hands of criminals, including Iran and North Korea. To put this strategy into effect, the US government should determine the intentions, capabilities, and plans of Iran and North Korea as regards to the acquisition of nuclear power. The power could be used to manufacture weapons of mass destruction, which is extremely dangerous to the world security. The sale of materials should be supervised closely. A study conducted by Blum concluded that terrorists had shifted focus in terms of the targets and the techniques employed7. However, he noted that the use of weapons of mass destruction is not within the reach of terrorists because the unavailability of materials and qualified personnel to design the weapons. His study concluded that terrorists were increasingly shifti ng focus to the Middle East because of the perception that some states in the region are sympathizers of the west. Moreover, terrorists have adopted a new approach of unleashing terror because they no longer kidnap, but instead they carry out suicide bombing. The study proved that terrorists have never resorted to the use of weapons of mass destruction. Just as the report released by the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, Blum’s study proved that terrorism had reformed mainly because of the emergence of extremist organizations. In this regard, Blum suggests that the US should simply focus on promoting peace and democracy in the two countries, which would definitely end the acts of terrorism. This would demand for a multilateral action implying that other actors must be involved in the plan. In fact, Blum suggests that non-actors should be involved in ending the looming nuclear crisis, which is the main worry in regards to the utilization of the weapons of mass destruc tion. A report released by the national security strategy in 2010 gave extensive plans on how the US would deal with actors in the international system considered a security threat8. The plans proposed are mainly concerned with strengthening the instruments of the American government because disunity in government has always snatched the executive an opportunity to deal with Iran and North Korea as regards to the nuclear threats. In this regard, American leaders must understand what actually constitutes national security and work in harmony to realize these plans. To succeed in fighting North Korea and Iran, the approaches employed ought to be sustainable and achievable. It is noted that the US has been able to develop due to the establishment of strong institutions and technological advancement. However, the government has been unable to act on the threats posed by other actors internationally because of the internal wrangles among government the branches of government. In particul ar, there are some unfinished reform agendas, which are hindering the capability of the government to deal with external challenges, such as the challenge of possession of nuclear power, which is a threat to world peace. In this regard, the three arms of government should be able to work in harmony to pass the important legislations that would give the executive the power to act swiftly. Terrorism and the threats of nuclear power are some of the problems that do not demand too much consultation because they are considered urgent. However, the US government does not have the power to act unilaterally since it must consult other non-state actors, including consideration of public opinion, which is time consuming. The national strategy for homeland security report released in 2007 suggested that the government had to develop the technology sector if it were to contain the influence of world aggressors such as Iran and North Korea. The field of research should be developed because it su pports the strategies that the government designs in keeping off the threats posed by enemies. Enemark is of the view that the topic on weapons of mass destruction should stop because the weapons have never existed in the international system9. He notes that even though Iran and North Korea are accused of possessing nuclear power, they have not been in a position to develop weapons of mass destruction. His major concern is with the use of language because its use may confuse policy makers when making effective policies meant to curb the threats posed by Iran and North Korea10. The scholar suggests that policy makers should focus on formulating policies aimed at stopping Iran and North Korea from proceeding with their nuclear plan, but they should not incorporate the term weapons of mass destruction in their plans. Methodology This chapter focuses on various aspects of research development. It includes methods of data collection, its analysis and presentation procedures. Every resear ch project applies a certain research method to achieve its objectives depending on its goals. The methods used to conduct research in this project compared closely with the methods proposed in the project proposal. This was so because the project proposal had been proven to be workable. In research, design deals primarily with aims, uses, purposes, intentions, and plans within the practical constraints of time, location, money, and availability of staff Research Design The chapter brings back the research hypotheses. This is important because it is at this stage that the researcher goes into the field to gather information. It is therefore necessary that the research hypothesis is brought to focus because it would be the guiding light in the process of gathering data. The researcher would be trying to confirm the hypotheses. In order to eliminate criticism, this chapter clearly states the scope of the study. There are limits beyond which this research may not hold because of the me thod used in data collection and analysis11. It is therefore important that limitations are clearly stated to make it clear to readers of this material how far this research reveals what it purports to. Therefore, data sources are expected to be more reliable. However, the rationale to use such data is that data sources are available at lower cost or free of costs while data collection process using questionnaire is time consuming and expensive. As the researcher of this dissertation would follow both qualitative and quantitative research approach, it is essential to collect significant part of secondary data. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on published data and computerized database to formulate the paper. However, secondary data has a number of positive factors. For instance, it is easy to collect, and less expensive. In order to formulate the paper, the researcher would use Computerized Database and Published Secondary Data including general business sources. However, the f ollowing chart gives an idea about the secondary data sources, as shown below. The dissertation would mainly focus on the internet databases because this is an easy and less expensive system of data collection. Theoretical Framework Data Collection Data in this article will mainly be obtained from the various sources that are already published, as shown in the above diagram. It should be noted that the sources to be utilized are peer reviewed journal articles and books. The researcher will restrict himself to the public articles and books in order to make the whole process valid and reliable. In any study, the researcher should ensure that validity and reliability is achieved. In this study, keeping off from biases and unneccessary criticism would be one of the techniques employed to ensure the study is credible12. From the chart in the theoretical framework section, both government and other publications will be relied upon in analyzing the behavior of leaders as regards to polic y formulation. Analysis and Findings From the literature review, the researcher gathered considerable amount of information about this field. Many of the reports that exist in this field are very resourceful as individuals of high integrity did them. The manner in which they were done also passes as good enough to be used in various aspects of research. However, this is a different research. It must be in a position to develop its own arguments based on data collected from primary sources. This does not rule out the importance of secondary sources of data. To ensure originality in any research, there is need to use primary data. The purpose of collecting data was to help facilitate analysis that would lead to giving answers that are desired in this research. The objective of this research was to respond to some of the questions that other scholars had not responded to through the existing literature. To be in a position to respond to these questions, there will be need to collect da ta. After successful collection of data, analysis would be very important. When taken from the field, data is considered raw and therefore cannot be of much help to the target audience. For this reason, it is important to analyze data to produce the desired result that would be useful to various individuals. Role of literature review in data collection requirements Literature review plays a vital role in data collection process. As noted above, research has been going on for some time now. Every field of study has some relevant previous bodies of literature that other researchers had conducted before. This information is very important to a researcher. In the process of gathering data, the first source that any researcher should not assume is the secondary sources of information. It is important to note that the studies were done after careful collection and analysis of relevant data. When taking literature review as part of the sources of data, it is important to note that they are secondary sources. Unlike the data that would be collected from the fields which is raw, literature provides data that is already processed. Literature review plays an important role in determining how data collection would be done. Because the bodies of literature provide information that is already synthesized, and with clear steps that were taken to reach the results, the researcher may consider taking an approach used by one of the researchers that may lead to generation of required answers. Alternatively, the researcher may consider integrating a number of methods employed by different previous researchers to come up with his or her own technique that incorporates all the desirable concepts used by the available literature. A good research project should not purport to be basing its arguments from the scratch. It is important that a researcher engage closely with the works of previous researchers from an early stage of data collection. With this, the researcher would be inform ing the consumers of this document that there was an effort from the earliest stage of the dissertation that closely compares the works of other researchers, and how they relate to the current research. This would not only enhance the validity of the report, but also demonstrate that the research seeks to develop the works of previous researches. The findings from the review of literature reveal that the US should act to prevent North Korea and Iran from establishing their nuclear power programs. The United States needs to come up with comprehensive strategies to compel Iran and North Korea to negotiate on its own terms. However, this would not be an easy task since Iran and North Korea are determined to realize their dream regarding nuclear power programs. If the US allows the two countries to actualize their nuclear plans, the world security would be at risk since the energy could be used to develop weapons of mass destruction, which are extremely dangerous to the very survival. H owever, some scholars observe that the issue of nuclear energy should not be tied to weapons of mass destruction since they are not related at all. Terrorists have never employed weapons of mass destruction mainly because of the technicalities involved in the designing the weapons. Literature reveals that the US should focus on seeking multilateral support because nuclear energy is a matter of death and life meaning that each actor should be involved in designing the policies aimed at stopping its development. In this regard, the role of the United Nations is critical since it could invoke its powers, including slapping economic and political sanctions on the two states, which would force them to stop the program13. In this case, the US should lobby other powerful states, mainly the five permanent members of the Security Council, to force the UN to slap economic sanctions14. The influence of the UN has been tremendous, especially its use of a no-fly-zone rule, which forces states to negotiate. From the review of the existing body of knowledge and evaluation of various government reports, at least three viable policies can be applied successfully in dealing with the Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons threat. One of the policies is containment. This policy was applied successful to check the influence of the Soviet Union during the Cold war. In early 1990s, the US was able to contain the influence of Iraq in the Middle East region through the application of the policy. The policy does not demand the involvement of the international community since it is just upon the US government to isolate the two states. The United States has applied the policy variously whenever its national interest was under threat15. Truman advocated for the application of the containment policy meaning that the United States confronted its adversaries in all corners. In this regard, the United States should come up with policies aiming at reducing the influence of Iran and North Ko rea in regions they are perceived to be strong. The second policy is the use of diplomacy and economic sanctions, even though they have been applied unsuccessfully previously. Iran and North Korea are signatories to the world agency in charge of nuclear energy control and management (International Atomic Energy Agency). In this regard, they should be forced to abide by the provisions of the agency. The agency should be supported to conduct frequent inspection in the two countries and the leadership of the two countries should be urged not to interfere with the operations of the agency. Through diplomacy, Iran should be reminded that it sits on massive deposits of oil, which can sustain the country’s energy for years hence there is no need of developing nuclear energy. In case the two policies fail, the US could as well deploy the military in the two countries to restore democracy and install civilian governments. Democratic regimes would be willing to take part in diplomatic negotiations rather than generate unnecessary conflicts. Summary and Conclusion The United States has a role to play to its people as far as preservation of peace and maintenance of security is concerned. American foreign policy makers have engaged in negotiations aimed at resolving the issue, but the efforts have bore no fruits because of techniques applied were defective. The US came up with a policy that would entice Iran and North Korea to drop their nuclear plans, but the plans were unsustainable. Therefore, policy makers should come up with a long-term program, which is realistic and all-inclusive meaning all stakeholders in the world security should be involved. It should be understood that unilateral decisions are usually aimed at resolving the short-term problems, but they do not address the long-terms issues. Therefore, the US should advocate for a policy that would resolve the issue finally. This entails the involvement of the UN and other powers in the plans. The policie s made towards the relations with the two countries should not be isolationist in nature because it would simply worsen the issue16. This article has tried to come up with some of the best decisions that would resolve the issue at hand. The paper would conduct an extensive research to establish the views of American foreign policy makers before recommending the best policy option. The paper has always conducted a literature to determine the views of previous scholars and policy makers. The findings suggest that the US government cannot handle the issue without involving other actors, including the American populace, the United Nations, and other units in the international system. The existing body of knowledge shows that no single policy that can be applied in resolving the existing nuclear energy crisis between the United States and the two world aggressors. It is also eminent that the two aggressors are determined to move on with their nuclear programs despite the objections from various units in the international system. The United States has a role to play given the fact that it is the world’s superpower. Three options are available to the superpower, but the main problem is choosing the best option that would preserve the status of the superpower and at the same time fulfill the interests of the American people17. Studies show that the Iranian and North Korean citizens are tired of the tyrannical and militaristic governments. They are willing to cooperate with the international community to end injustices and the conditions of the 19th century, which include lack of food, lack of representation in government, inequality, oppression, and brutality. Irrespective of the policy that the United States employs, the life that people face in Iran and North Korea should be uplifted. All possible means should be employed in uplifting the living standards of the Middle East citizens. In the region, the human rights are never respected at all. Bibliography Blu m, Andrew. Non-state Actors, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. International Studies Review 7.1 (2005): 133-170. Creswell, John. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2009. Department of Defense. National Security Strategy. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2010. Department of Defense. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2006. Department of Defense. National Strategy for countering Biological Threats, 2009. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2009. Department of Defense. National Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Support. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2007. Enemark, Christian. â€Å"Farewell to WMD: The Language and Science of Mass Destruction.† Contemporary Security Policy 32.2 (2011):382-400. Hakim, Catherine. Research Design: Successful Designs for Social and Economic Research. London: Routledge, 2000. Harvey, David. The New Imperialis m. New York: Oxford UP, 2003. Jafarzadeh, Alireza. The Iran Threat. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. National Science and Technology Council. A National Strategy for CBRNE Standards. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2011. Safire, William. â€Å"On Language; Weapons of Mass Destruction.† New York Times Magazine, April 19, 1998, 22. Sagan, Scott, and Kenneth Waltz. The Spread of Nuclear Weapons. New York: W.W. Norton, 2003. Sagan, Scott. â€Å"How to Keep the Bomb from Iran.† Foreign Affairs 85.5 (2006): 45-59 Sciolino, Elaine. Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran. New York: Simon Schuster, 2000. United States Government Accountability Office. Steps Have Been Taken to Improve U.S. Northern Command’s Coordination with States and the National Guard Bureau, but Gaps Remain. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008. Footnotes 1 United States Government Accountability Office. Steps Have Been Taken to Improve U.S. Northern Command’s Coordinati on with States and the National Guard Bureau, but Gaps Remain. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008. 2Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran (New York: Simon Schuster, 2000), 12. 3Scott Sagan and Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons (New York: W.W.Norton, 2003), 45. 4Scott Sagan, â€Å"How to Keep the Bomb From Iran,† Foreign Affairs 85.5 (2006): 45 5 Department of Defense. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, 2006. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2006. 6 Department of Defense. National Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Support. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2007. 7 Andrew, Blum, Non-state Actors, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. International Studies Review 7.1 (2005): 145. 8Department of Defense. National Security Strategy, 2010. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2010. 9 Christian Enemark, â€Å"Farewell to WMD: The Language and Science of Mass Destruction.† Contemporary Security Poli cy 32.2 (2011):382-400. 10William Safire, â€Å"On Language; Weapons of Mass Destruction.† New York Times Magazine, April 19, 1998, 22. 11John Creswell, Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2009), 23. 12Catherine, Hakim and Research Design: Successful Designs for Social and Economic Research (London: Routledge, 2000). 13 Department of Defense. National Strategy for countering Biological Threats, 2009. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2009. 14 National Science and Technology Council. A National Strategy for CBRNE Standards. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2011. 15 Seymour Hersh, â€Å"The Redirection,† The New Yorker 83.2 (2007): 54. 16David Harvey, The New Imperialism (New York: Oxford UP, 2003), 18. 17Alireza Jafarzadeh, The Iran Threat (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 87. This research paper on The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War was written and submitted by user Aryana P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 of the Best Cities to Find a Job in Right Now

5 of the Best Cities to Find a Job in Right Now According to experts, the economy that began to slide in 2007 hit a low in 2009 is rebounding. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported job openings nationwide now exceed the peak experienced before the recession. In fact, in June 2015, 5.2 million job opportunities were available. While the the nation as a whole is on this upswing, some cities  are ahead of the pack. That’s useful news- learning where jobs are plentiful may be useful when looking for employment.Criteria Used to Determine RecoverySix years after the official end of the recession, economic indicators show that while the nation as a whole is recovering, some cities have not kept pace. Conversely, others are experiencing a robust economy with a healthy job market. Parameters including  a lower unemployment rate since 2009, along with increased wages and an overall growth in jobs, gives some cities a better economic standing than others.Cities With the Highest Job GrowthWhile the best cities to get a job are sp read across the country, certain regions have shown growth as a whole. Four of the top cities are in Texas, three are in North Carolina and one each is in Florida, California, Utah, Iowa, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Looking at some of these cities over the period 2009 to 2012 provides a glimpse into their favorable economic picture.Texas CitiesUnemployment in Midland decreased by 35.71 percent since 2009, and average home values increased by 21.67 percent. Disposable income grew by 13.84 percent. Jobs here  are centered in the oil industry.Odessa showed a 43.4 percent decrease in unemployment along with a median home value increase of 5.87 percent, and median income here grew by 20.39 percent. Jobs in Odessa are found in mining, construction and retail services. San Angelo had a 35.48 drop in unemployment with a corresponding 11.45 percent rise in income. The medium home value here increased by 20.92 percent. Employment in San Angelo is linked to trade and transportation, health care,   jobs in education, and business service jobs. Overall, the Air Force base and schools are the top employers.Fargo, North DakotaUnemployment in this northern tier state fell by 34.48 percent, and median income grew by 18.71 percent. Median home values grew by 13.30 percent from 2009 to 2012. Top industries here include health care, education, transportation, manufacturing, and food processing. Two large employers include the state university and health care jobs with Sanford Health.Chattanooga, TennesseeThe city of Chattanooga has seen a 29.89 percent decrease in unemployment since 2009. Household income has jumped by 13.54 percent while the cost of housing has jumped by 14.04 percent. Retail sales have grown during the years 2009 to 2012.While recovery is happening in cities and towns across the country, a robust location may be a deciding factor if you’re searching for a thriving town in which to plant to your roots. Depending on your situation and ability to move, look ing at job growth from this perspective might  help you narrow (or change!) your desired industry and consider a life in a new town.Using TheJobNetwork to find your next job lets you put in criteria limiting or widening your search. Entering your qualifications, job sector and geographic location makes it possible to target the job you want in an area where jobs are plentiful. This job search platform does the rest and alerts you by email when jobs become available. Doing research into the top employers in an area and the job outlook may help you find what you need.

The Role of Bamboo in Japanese Culture

The Role of Bamboo in Japanese Culture The Japanese word for bamboo is take. Bamboo in Japanese Culture Bamboo is a very strong plant. Because of its sturdy root structure, it is a  symbol of prosperity in Japan. For years, people were told to run into the bamboo groves in the event of an earthquake, because the bamboos strong root structure would hold the earth together. Simple and unadorned, the bamboo is also symbolic of purity and innocence. Take o watta youna hito literally translates into a man like fresh-split bamboo and refers to a man with a frank nature. Bamboo appears in many ancient tales. Taketori Monogatari (Tale of the Bamboo Cutter) also known as Kaguya-hime (The Princess Kaguya) is the oldest narrative literature in kana script, and one of the most beloved stories in Japan. The story is about Kaguya-hime, who is found inside a bamboo stalk. An old man and woman raise her and she becomes a beautiful woman. Although many young men propose to her, she never marries. Eventually on an evening when the moon is full, she returns to the moon, as it was her place of birth. Bamboo and sasa (bamboo grass) are used in many festivals to ward off evil. On Tanabata (July 7), people write their wishes on strips of paper of various colors and hang them on sasa. Click this link to learn more about Tanabata. Bamboo Meaning Take ni ki o tsugu (putting bamboo and wood together) is synonymous with disharmony. Yabuisha (yabu are bamboo groves and isha is a doctor) refers to an incompetent doctor (quack). Though its origin is not clear, it is probably because just as bamboo leaves rustle in the slightest breeze, an incompetent doctor makes a great to-do about even the slightest illness. Yabuhebi (hebi is a snake) means to reap an ill fortune from an unnecessary act. It comes from the likelihood that poking a bamboo bush may flush a snake. It is a similar expression to, let sleeping dogs lie. Bamboo is found all over in Japan because the warm, humid climate is well suited to its cultivation. It is frequently used in construction and handicrafts. Shakuhachi, is a wind instrument made of bamboo. Bamboo sprouts (takenoko) also have long been used in Japanese cuisine. The pine, bamboo, and plum (sho-chiku-bai) are an auspicious combination symbolizing long life, hardiness, and vitality. The pine stands for longevity and endurance, and the bamboo is for flexibility and strength, and the plum represents a young spirit. This trio is often used in restaurants as a name for the three levels of quality (and price) of its offerings. It is used instead of directly stating quality or price (e.g. the highest quality would be pine). Sho- chiku-bai is also used for the name of a sake (Japanese alcohol) brand. Sentence of the Week English: Shakuhachi is a wind instrument made of bamboo. Japanese: Shakuhachi wa take kara tsukurareta kangakki desu. Grammar Tsukurareta is the passive form of the verb tsukuru. Here is another example. Passive form in Japanese is formed by the verb ending changes. U-verbs (Group 1 verbs): replace ~u by ~areru kaku - kakarerukiku - kikarerunomu - nomareruomou - omowareru Ru-verbs (Group 2 verbs): replace ~ru by ~rareru taberu - taberareumiru - mirareruderu - derareruhairu - hairareru Irregular verbs (Group 3 verbs) kuru - korarerusuru - sareru Gakki means instrument. Here are different kinds of instruments. Kangakki - wind instrumentGengakki - stringed instrumentDagakki - percussion instrumenttake - bambookangakki - a wind instrumentWain wa budou kara tsukurareru. - Wine is made from grapes.Kono ie wa renga de tsukurareteiru. - This house is made of brick.

Read the requirement carefully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Read the requirement carefully - Essay Example In this regard, leadership plays a pivotal part for the organisations in order to efficiently structure and establish strong control mechanism in accordance with the competitive nature of the business environment (Simons, 1990). The concept of leadership can be termed as the notion of competence which tends to influence a group of individuals for the accomplishment of organizational vision and enable to obtain stipulated business goals. The adequate competence of innovation and creativity within the leadership approach has been found to play a decisive part for the organisations in order to obtain competitive advantage in the rapidly increasing pace of modern business environment (Schroeder, 2012). ... Additionally, the report would also analyse different leadership styles along with theories and evaluate their potential impact in innovation and creativity in a global perspective. Brief Overview of Innovation and Creativity in an Organisation Innovation The concept of innovation can be considered as one of the major and effective attributes of the modern market leaders which enable them to build an exceptional impression of efficiently managing and controlling their respective organisational operations effectively. It can also be defined as an effective practice which tends to bring adequate competencies for the leaders for appropriately conducting different pioneering activities for attaining desired business objectives. It is worth mentioning that the innovative managing process enables the leaders to efficiently manage different organisational functions along with facilitating them to increase the potential of each individual towards their assigned roles and responsibilities. Th e practice further enables the organisations to accentuate much upon the scope of innovation in product, process along with decisions that eventually leads towards enhancing the productivity and the quality of organisational offerings. In this similar context, continuous innovation towards improving the productivity and quality of product/service can largely facilitate an organisation to gain superior competitive position in this competitive landscape (Amabile, 1996). Creativity Creativity can also be regarded as a major attribute for the organisations which aids in performing effective management practices leading towards increased motivation along with augmented resource and interaction capabilities. The concept of creativity ensures to provide

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - SLP Essay

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - SLP - Essay Example What are the chances that this form of violence can be reduced? Abuse violence represents a prevalent issue for health care workers in many regions of the contemporary world. Health care workers critically need education in this area if they are to effectively function detect the occurrence of violent abuse in their patients and provide health care services to these individuals. Health care workers also need to be knowledgeable in the area of other services that patients who are experiencing violent abuse can be referred to for additional assistance and services. Various world regions are known to have high rates of familial violence and abuse. One such are of he world is the country of Iraq reported to be characterized by â€Å"extraordinarily high levels of cultural and institutional violence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Heartland alliance: International Programs, 2010) World wide it is reported that â€Å"one out of every here women†¦will be physically, sexually or otherwise abused during her lifetime with rates reaching 70 percent in some countries .† (Family Violence Prevention Fund, 2004) The National Institute of Justice reports that there is a need for the development of a new protocol for health care providers who treat individuals affected by abuse and violence. This requires that health care workers world wide be on the receiving end of education and training to assist them in properly documenting and assessing abuse and violence that their patients have endured. The work of Tacket (2004) states that three actions are needed by health care services in regards to addressing the needs of patients who are abused violently: (1) improvement of information availability on domestic violence and services; (2) provision and acquisition of appropriate training for health care professionals; and (3) instituting systems of enquiry about domestic violence. Tacket (2004) reports that health care professionals and staff â€Å"should ideally receive

LOreal one of the leading cosmetic companies

LOreal one of the leading cosmetic companies Introduction It is era of globalization where competition are increasing day by day, due to competition, it is hard for company to keep hold policy , old method of production . Companies need change to stay in the market. LOreal is a one of leading cosmetic company who is producing world famous brands , company regular making changes , like acquisition policy , building new research centres in most of developed countries. Using technology, and making stakeholder collaboration through using this technology. Organization structure and culture of the organization can play key role in the process of change . Change is not just changing the method of production but can be any type of change , either recruiting polices , making fair laws , adopting new laws which are implementing etc. Company background LOreal is known as the worlds leading cosmetics organization which has a portfolio that consists of many worlds dominant beauty products. Company sales almost 80% doing from outside the France, with action in every key region . It is only Cosmetics Company which has distribution, almost 140 countries. In year 1907 a young French chemist Eugene Schuler, developed a creative hair-colour formula. The named this new, completely safe hair dye Aureole. The history of LOreal began; Eugene Schueller invented and manufactured their own products. LOreal started their production with hair-colour business, but the company quickly pronged out in to other beauty products. Company marketing more than 5 hundreds brand and which have thousands of special products in all division of the beauty business. Styling aids, Hair colour, permanents, body and skin care, cleansers and fragrances. They are found in all distribution channels, from hair salons and perfumeries to hyper the supermarkets, health and beauty outlets, pharmacies and direct mail. DIFFERENT BRANDS AT LOREAL LOreal strives to make a reality within the reach of every woman and every man. CONSUMER PRODUCTS Ggarnier LOreal Paris Le club des createurs Maybelline ny Soft sheen Carson PROFESSIONAL PRODUCTS Loreal professional Kerastase Redken Matrix Mizani LUXURY PRODUCTS Lancom Biotherm Helena rubinstein Kiehls Shu uemura Giorgio armani Ralph lauren Cacharel Viktor rolf Diesel ACTIVE COSTEMETICS Vichy La roche-posay Ineov Skin ceuticals ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Kotler .P. (1996) Planning start with complete analysis of companys situation, company do analyse environmental to find the opportunities and to escape threats of environment. For change and its implementation environmental analyse is play dominant role. SWOT ANALYSIS Needham Dave Dransfield Rob( 2000) SWOT analysis is known as strategic planning tool which used to assess strengths , weaknesses , opportunities and threats STRENGTH LOreal is considered the biggest seller of hair care and beauty product in the whole world, spotlighting on 19 global brands. Numbers of these products are expanded through price and some by culture image. LOreal is building the attraction of various cultures through its products. Consequently, LOreal is reaching out more people across a bigger range of incomes and cultures. The 2nd strength is that LOreal offering a huge significance and spending lots on research and improvement uses and expands leading-edge technology and effectively introduces new product. Company has about 16 research centres across the world and 13 evaluation centres. Its opened recently opened new research and development centre in, Shanghai China . LOreal strategy of diversity and training of its workforce is one of the assets. Company employing group of people from different backgrounds which leads to improve creativity and innovation. Development and preparation can play vital part of life at LOreal each year approximately 100 employees attend industry-specific and leadership development training and conferences at LOreal management development centres in Tokyo, Paris and New York. LOreals acquisition strategy- aspirant on integrating recognized and well-known brands. Examples of unbeaten acquisitions are Carson Inc which measured as the 3rd largest provider of adult womens hair relaxer in America. The acquisition of body shop the British natural based cosmetics retailer with bout 2,290 stores through out worldwide. Company making more attractive to the green consumer those strives no doubt after look both their environment and body , there is no doubt. Company strength stated as strong sales diagonally all geographical area with rising posting market the faster like for like growth rate for the phase. Its took advantages of economies of scale in packaging and advertising result as a LOreal operation profitability which has been increased through cost cutting efforts. WEAKNESSES Organizational decentralized structure which makes control more tricky. Global market functioning , the problems increase due to coordination and control of performances and image. Companys geographical power is currently determined on western European over trust on full grown Western European market ,which gives maturity offers few predictions for growth. During 90s LOreal was hit by claims over past links to racial discrimination, anti-Semitism which are giving of jobs to Nazi co-workers after the World War two. They went some way to satisfy there critics with a boardroom change and other measures. Liliane Bettencourt, LOreals main shareholder, is known as the wealthiest lady in France. Two years ago LOreals slogan was reduced from Because Im worth it to Because youre worth it after fears in France that the original emerged too money-oriented. During July 2007, the Garnier division and an external employment agency were fined à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬30,000 for employment practices that disqualified non-white women from sponsoring its shampoo, Fructis Style. LOreal is report as proverb the decision was incomprehensible, and will challenge the measure in court. During May 2007, LOreal was one of number cosmetic manufacturers ordered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia (The TGA is responsible for conducting assessment and monitoring activities to ensure that therapeutic goods accessible in Australia are of an acceptable standard and that access to therapeutic advances is in a timely manner) to withdraw advertising regarding the wrinkle elimination capabilities of their products. One experienced candidate said she realize it was not eligible because she was of mixed race. In July 2007, the British Advertising Standards Authority knocked LOreal for a television commercial on its Telescopic mascara, featuring Penà ©lope Cruz, stating it will make you eyelashes 60% longer. In reality, it only made the lashes look 60% bigger, with thickening and separating the roots and by thickening the tips of the lashes. They also failed to state that the model was wearing false eyelashes, a common trick of the trade. Rumours of LOreals failing in US have been seriously inflated as The groups North American division is yet the smallest contributor to sales, accounting for approximately 25% of the total in the first nine months of 2007 and contributing barely 13.5% of sales growth in that period. Different emission gases causing harm to environment Great disaster for the environment storage of different fuels and chemicals underground. Different flammable and gases toxic mainly fire used for different chemical reactions is consider major risk for environment. It is first French organization which is convicted for racial bias cosmetic giant fined for its recruitment campaign. July, 7 2009 The Guardian an article regarding worlds biggest beauty firm Part of the cosmetics giant LOreal was found guilty of racial discrimination after it sought to exclude non-white women from promoting its shampoo. It is a landmark case, the Garnier division of the beauty empire, along with a recruitment agency it employed, were fined à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬30,000 ( £20,300) each after they recruited women on the basis of race. The historic ruling the first time a major company has been found guilty of systematic race discrimination in France saw a senior figure at the agency given a three-month suspended prison sentence.(The Guardian, July, 7, 2009). OPPORTUNITIES Company has chance to develop rising presence in promising markets their activities in rising areas such as Eastern Europe, Africa and Middle East where growth in cosmetics and toiletries sales is normally to precede that of global sales. It has a three largest potential market to expand which are Russia, Brazil and china. LOreals acquisition of already recognized brands offered opportunities to enter new areas at lower costs Diversity by promise. Training at school levels Adopted measures to combat discrimination and support diversity and equal opportunity for all by signing charter for Corporate Commitment to Equal Opportunities in France. Worldwide profit sharing scheme Increase in proportion of Female manager up to 54% and 34% in management committees LOreal set up 22 Observatories on diversity in France. LOreal helped the Disadvantaged finding jobs about 657,429 applications received of which 63,691 were interviewed and 2,333 managers were recruited which is 15% higher than 2005. Follow Up and Integration Track FIT is a project started by LOreal for optimum integration of new employees. LOreal since 2001 started Worldwide Profit Sharing Plan implanted in all the countries. Opportunities for suppliers with a commitment of long term partnership based on mutual respect, sharing of information, transparency and strong communication and high standards. Share their expertise with suppliers to overcome challenges in the outer world with regular business reviews, logistics, and development, packaging and innovation meetings. SHE (Safety, Health and Environment) to identify strategic business opportunities. Signing up of letter for Ethical Commitment by suppliers available in 11 languages. Opening of 89 new stores in Western Europe 15, North America 8 and rest of the world 66. LOreal market share with Body Shop in 2006 is 15.6% THREATS Rivalry from private labels, LOreal is facing threats from growing shocks of private label products. Several of private label cosmetics and toiletries are getting better in quality and attracting customers. The bigger problem for global brands like LOreal is that the retailers are turning over more and more shelf space to their own labels. Brand Copying risk Dubai Perfume Company Bellure sold low-value scents that it stated smelled same as perfumes. It marketed the products on this basis, using wrapping that winked at the related company designs, and published assessment charts that named exacting company perfumes. LOreal sued for infringement of its trademarks and passing off, declaring that Bellures marketing materials took excessive advantage of the quality and repute of LOreals perfume brands. Company won the first round in the High Court, but in 2007 the case came to the Court of Appeal. It is now in limbo, pending a ruling from the ECJ, but a swing the other way looks likely. The Court of Appeals view was that the public are not stupid. It was unconvinced there was any likelihood that a low-value smell-alike product would be confused with the original and took the view that, even if Bellure gained an advantage through comparing its products to LOreals, it did not follow that it was an unfair advantage. (I marketi ng journal)  (Nov 28, 2007): PORTERS FIVE FORCES Porter (1980) in an industry the state of competition depends on five basic competitive forces. The combined strength of these forces establishes the final profit possible in the industry, where profit potential is prà ©cised in term of long run return on invested capital. Not all industries have the similar potential. They differ fundamentally in their ultimate profit potential as the collective strength of the forces differs; the forces range from intense industries. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Buyers power is high as there is a large range of products and every company is competing to attract the customers. Nevertheless LOreals sole products put it in the top of competition. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Bargaining power of traders is low because of LOreals acquisitions of several brands and also due to its huge market share which gives it the potential for monopoly. Additionally, LOreals strategy is to create strong and long term relationship with their traders. Competitive Rivalry: Aggressive rivalry in the cosmetic industry is high. There are many of existing cosmetic companies challenging in the market and the major competitors of LOreal are Unilever and Proctor Gamble. LOreal decreases the competition by acquiring many well known brands in the market and also, it succeeded to stay ahead of the competition because of its strong portfolio of global brands. Threats of new entrants: The threat of new candidate is low and it is hard for new companies to enter this market. Barriers to entering this market contain: The extensive time and expense essential to build a brand status to overcome existing costumers likings. The extensive costs for promotional and commercial activity to protect the distribution and situation of a new entrants products in retail outlets. The incapability of a new candidate to recover rapidly its huge investment in promoting its brand. The difficulty of securing shelf-space in retail outlets. Threat of Substitutes: Products alternative are not presented in the market. LOreal products are distinguished from other products because of its strong assurance to research and development. It functions 12 research and development centres around the world. All of its products are based-on intensive scientific research and on gradually more targeted advance to enhance the quality. It employs 3,000 scientists who work in state-of-the-art research centres around the world. This allows it to justify price differences as compared with low priced products and retailer brands. (Loreal websit) Information Technology and LOreal Koontz H and Weihrich H( 1999) IT can play vital role affecting the scale ,nature of business for instance ,IT used in connection to sales based ordering (SBO) or efficient consumer response (ECR) ,provide help to organisation to reduce the cost and remove the time barriers . John Dawson (1996) IT provide knowledge based investment , alliance based investment and productivity based investment ,which provide opportunity for new entrants in the market .For LOreal success IT is a key factor , it can further help to reduce the cost and making the right decision at right time , at right cost , at right place. LOreal operating in many countries, IT provides the connectivity with all stakeholder and first hand interaction. Diversification of business Zook and Allen (2001) It suggest that most sustainable growth Pattern is that of the strong or leading core business that remuneration from continual reinvestment, constant adaptation to circumstances or business environment, and persistent leveraging of the competitive advantage formed by these strengths into new markets or geographies, applications, or channels. Further suggest that management teams constantly meet with opportunities for concentric diversification and that taking advantage of these opportunities is at times absolutely necessary in order to strengthen the core. Leavitt, H.J. (1965), Diversification helps to manage the change , like company build their operation in many countries and reduce the cost. CHANGE MANAGEMENT Czarniawska, B. (1999), Change management (or change control) is the process during which the changes of a system are implemented in a controlled manner by following a pre-defined system with, to some extent, reasonable changes. Change management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a present state to a desired state. The current definition of Change Management includes both organizational change management framework and individual change management models, which together are used to manage the people change management. Individual change management A number of techniques are available for understanding the transitioning of individuals through the phases of change management and strengthening organizational development initiative in both government and corporate sectors. Unfreeze-Change-Refreeze Leftwich, R.L. (1979), An early model of change developed by Kurt Lewin described change as a three stage procedure. The first stage he called unfreezing. It involved overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing ideas. In the second stage the change occurs. This is typically a period of confusion and transition with a little tinge of chaos. The old picture is being replaced by a new one.. The third and final stage he called freezing (often called refreezing by others). The new ideas are being accepted and ones comfort level is returning to previous levels not completely though. Rosch (2002) argues that this often quoted three-stage version of Lewins approach is an oversimplification and that his theory was actually more complex and owed more to physics than behavioural science. Different theorists give different versions according to their research and experiences respectively. . Although elaborating the process to five stages, Judson (1991) still proposes a linear, staged model o f implementing a change: (a) analysing and planning the change; (b) communicating the change; (c) gaining acceptance of new behaviours; (d) changing from the status quo to a changed state, and (e) consolidating and institutionalising the new states. ADKAR The ADKAR model for individual and organizational change management was developed by Prosci with participation from more than 1000 organizations from 59 countries. This model describes five required stages for change to be realized successfully on an individual level. The building blocks of the ADKAR Model include: Awareness of why the change is needed Desire to support and give input in the change Knowledge of how to change Ability to implement new skills and behaviors Reinforcement to sustain the change Organizational change management Fill C (2002), Organizational change management includes techniques and tools for managing the people side of the change at an organizational level. These tools are used by the leaders of the organization and include a structured approach that combined with an understanding of individual change management, provide a model for managing the people side of change. Organizational change management processes include techniques for creating a change management strategy (readiness assessments), engaging senior managers as change leaders (sponsorship), building awareness of the need for change (communications), developing skills and knowledge to support the change(education and training), helping employees move through the transition (coaching by managers and supervisors), and methods to sustain the change (measurement systems, rewards and reinforcement) The role of the management Leftwich, R.L. (1979), Managements responsibility and particularly that of administration is to detect trends in the macro environment as well as in the micro environment so as to be able to identify changes and initiate programs and determine the economic scenario . It is also important to estimate what impact a change will likely have on employee behavior patterns, work processes, technological requirements, motivation and availability of resources. Management must assess what employee reactions will be and craft a change management program that will provide support as workers go through the process of accepting and adopting the change. The program must then be implemented, communicated effectively throughout the organization, monitored for effectiveness, and adjustments be made where necessary. Organizations exist within a dynamic environment that is subject to change due to the impact of various factors both external and internal . To continue to operate effectively within this e nvironmental roller coaster, organizations must be able to change themselves in response to internally and externally initiated change in minimum span of time and be adaptable to change,hence flexible enough . However, change will also impact upon the individuals within the organization. Effective change management requires an understanding of the possible effects of change upon people, and how to manage potential sources of resistance to that change. For instance people react within the organization by forming anti groups and retaliate and oppose the change. Mostly technological changes trigger this point and when new systems are replaced by old systems then conventions take a stand and people react and oppose this transition. Change can be said to occur where there is an imbalance between the current state and the environment on the whole. Decision Downloading Czarniawska, B. (1999)Often changes are initiated at a very senior level of management in the organization without any participation from others. For example, mergers, layoffs, and company acquisitions rarely involve input from employees at any level but the most senior. In fact, most employees are kept in the dark. These situations require special types of change management practices. As the decisions get unfolded to the rest of the organization there is a high probability that misunderstandings, angwish, and resilliance will surface. Researchers have determined that employee buy-in can be hastened by assertively unfolding the decision. Executives who use an assertive style of downloading or announcing the decision include the following points in their message: a) how the decision was made b)reasons why it was made c) what alternatives were considered d) how it fits in with the organizational mission and aims e) how it impacts the organization f) how it impacts employees. Executives who use this more vigorous approach to communicating double the rate of acceptance when compared to more impoverished methods. Change Management on the level of society Mats Larsson, in the book Global Energy Transformation (2009), suggests that change management will become necessary on the level of society in order to transform energy systems on a large scale globally|. Conversion of global systems of transportation, energy supply and industrial processes from grass root level is an undertaking that will require massive investments, change in individual behavior and company routines on a large scale and during a short span of time. This effort will also require the co-operation of many companies, public organizations and individuals. In order to achieve this on the scale of nations and regions, huge government expenditure will be required . Larsson mentions how the management principles and tools of change management could be applied in large scale national programs of mass transformation. Larsson uses as examples previous large scale change and development programs in the United States, in which many models that are now used in corporate change management projects have been developed and used. These programs are the transformation of US industry to war production during The Second World War, The Marshall Plan and The Apollo Program. Each of these programs have different focuses and management models, but they are examples of successful large scale change management efforts on the level of society. John P Kotters eight steps to successful change John Kotters highly recommended books Leading Change (1995) and the follow-up The Heart of Change (2002) describe a helpful formula for understanding and managing change. Each stage acknowledges a key principle identified by Kotter relating to peoples response and approach to change, in which people see, feel and observe followed by the Kotters eight step change model that can be summarised as : Increase urgency,motivate people to move, make objectives real and relevant. Build the right team get the right people in place with the right emotional commitment, and the right combination of skills and expertise. Get the vision right get the team to establish a simple vision and strategy, focus on emotional and creative aspects necessary to drive service and efficiency with essential ingredient of commitment. Communicate for buy-in Involve as many people as possible, communicate the essentials, simply, and to appeal and respond to peoples needs and listen to the peoples needs. Harmonize their needs with the organizational goals on the whole. De-clutter communications make technology work for you rather than against for instance its a global village internet, media has advanced so much , so unfold the information down the organization as quickly as you can to penetrate deep into the minds of people for their fast adaptability to the new situation. Implement the change Remove barriers, enable potential feedback and lots of support from leaders reward and recognise progress and achievements after implementation of change. Create short-term wins Set aims that are easy to achieve in bite-size chunks. Manageable numbers of initiatives. Finish current stages before starting new ones. Dont let up Foster and encourage determination and persistence ongoing change encourage ongoing progress reporting highlight achieved and future milestones. Make change stay Reinforce the value of successful change via new recruitment, promotional rewards, new change leaders. Blend change into culture. Cultural change Culture are known as norms , values , policies , strategy , and policies of the organization . Cultures represent the company way of doing the business. It is a era of globalization where though competition between the firms , cultural change play dominant role for the success of the organization . Organization structure represent the organization culture , if the organization have centralize organization structure , then decision make mostly central level , decentralize structure , increase power sharing between organization . Specially in case of LOreal it is big question how organization culture keep same in the world because, organization acquisition policy , create question mark for organization culture . Like Morrison took the Safe ways, but later the sold number of store because they cant adopt them according to their own culture. People who like a change tend to go through three stages unrealistic optimism , reality shock , and constructive direction . When someone fears or dislikes a change , a more complex process involving five tends to occur getting off on the wrong track , laughing it off , experiencing growing self doubt , buying in and moving in a constructive direction . Managers are challenged to help employees deal effectively with reality shock and self doubts. LOreal STRATEGY Koontz H and Weihrich H( 1999) Strategy term is a general programs of action and deployment of resources to attain comprehensive objectives. According to some authors mentioned strategy means guideline, or long term plans. Hardy Cynthia (1994) global strategy is Setting a a matter of adjusting as much as possible the business functions-manufacturing , procurement, marketing , distribution, and RD -within the constraint of trade and investment barrier in a way which provide the best possible product/market fits. In a few cases, the best fit is a standardized product; in others a customized product fits best. Making a global strategy often involves subsequent a zig-zag line between standardization and flexibility, trading off the costs and benefits of one against those of the other. Cateora R.Philip (1997) formative a firms global strategy and shaping the organization to achieve goals and objectives are the two middle tasks of global marketing management that describe the level of international integration of the company. Companies must contract with multitude of strategic issues including the extent of the internationalisation of operations. Company tends to develop multi-culture in their underlying brands. This strategy proves to be very successful in reality and even played a dominant role in LOreals success. The most representative example is Maybelline New York. LOreal developed Maybellines brand culture instead of upsetting it after its acquisition of Maybelline. The sales figure dramatically rose after the acquisition and Maybelline product enter into more than 90 countries. Maybelline became a stylish global brand for all women all around the world from a merely regional brand. LOreal to create the advantages is to spread around strategic investment by sharing the production of innovation between different product divisions. LOreal relied on distribution channel to carry out its strategy of brand structure. There are four product departments in LOreals structure. Every department has several brands and each brand has many names Strategic position of the company in relation to market Mabey (1994) Company is boosting their brands architecture through acquiring different brands and increasing its operation in the world market. Its acquired Maybelline brand in 1996 for their strategic policy, Mini nurse in China, In Japan Luxury brand Shu Uemura , through acquisition strategy. Future expansion the most fast growing markets like China market , effective and cost efficient strategy , Company is leading in cosmetic industry , and won number of certificate and hold major market shares as shown in below figure. Above diagram ,clearly shows the market share of the company ,which hold 45% share , it is leading position inmarket. Information system Strategy Cameron Kim ( 1993) Information technology can play a dominant role in this competitive world , information is data endowed with relevance and purpose. Data such as names numbers , and places need to be organized and interpreted in a timely manner if they are to be useful in decision making . Information should have a surprise effect, meaning that it should shed light on the unknown. Information that does not surprise or elignten the individual is probably irrelevant or redundant . Because information is the lifeblood of organization endeavor and strategic tool of increasing importance , manager need to ,view information as a resource , understand the cost of information , know how to organize and comprehend information and be familiar with the basics of information processing . Information technology includes all mechanical and electronic devices capable of producing , manipulating , transmitting and storing words , numbers , pictures and sound. The knowledge to operate these devices also qualifies as information technology .